The Sahabah & The Context of the Qur’an

Context is one of the tools that the salaf used to understand and explain the Qur’an. As one of the tabi’oon, Muslim ibn Yasar, said:

إذا حدثت عن الله فقف حتى تنظر ما قبله وما بعده

When you want to speak about what Allah has said, hold off until you have looked at the ayaat preceding it and the ayaat following it.

[Tafsir ibn Kathir 1/12]

What follows is a small collection of statements specifically from the Sahabah in which they referenced the context of an ayah to derive an explanation. These narrations were originally found in an article from Markaz Tafsir discussing how the Sahabah used context to explain the Qur’an, and we have translated and arranged them below:

Narration #1:

عن يُسَيْعٍ الحضرمي قال: «كنت عند عليِّ بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه، فقال رجل: يا أمير المؤمنين، أرأيت قول الله -عز وجل-: ﴿وَلَنْ يَجْعَلَ اللَّهُ ‌لِلْكَافِرِينَ ‌عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ سَبِيلًا﴾ [النساء: 141]، وهم يقاتلوننا فيَظهرون ويَقتلون؟ قال له عليٌّ رضي الله عنه: ادنُه، ادنُه! ثم قال: ﴿فَاللَّهُ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَكُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ وَلَنْ يَجْعَلَ اللَّهُ ‌لِلْكَافِرِينَ ‌عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ سَبِيلًا﴾ [النساء: 141]، يوم القيامة»ـ

Yusay’a al-Hadhrami said: I was with ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib when a man said, “O Leader of the Faithful, have you seen Allah’s statement:

وَلَن يَجْعَلَ اللَّهُ لِلْكَافِرِينَ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ سَبِيلًا

And Allah will never make a way for the disbelievers over the believers. [4:141]

yet they fight against us, winning and killing?”

‘Ali said, “Look closer, look closer!” and then recited:

فَاللَّهُ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَكُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ

Allah will judge between you all on the Day of Resurrection [4:141]

This is referring to the Day of Resurrection.”

[Tafsir al-Tabari 9/327]

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“Seek the Forgiveness of Your Lord and Then Turn to Him in Repentance”: Tafsir al-Tabari

Allah begins surah Hud by saying:

الر ۚ كِتَابٌ أُحْكِمَتْ آيَاتُهُ ثُمَّ فُصِّلَتْ مِن لَّدُنْ حَكِيمٍ خَبِيرٍ * أَلَّا تَعْبُدُوا إِلَّا اللَّـهَ ۚ إِنَّنِي لَكُم مِّنْهُ نَذِيرٌ وَبَشِيرٌ * وَأَنِ اسْتَغْفِرُوا رَبَّكُمْ ثُمَّ تُوبُوا إِلَيْهِ يُمَتِّعْكُم مَّتَاعًا حَسَنًا إِلَىٰ أَجَلٍ مُّسَمًّى وَيُؤْتِ كُلَّ ذِي فَضْلٍ فَضْلَهُ ۖ وَإِن تَوَلَّوْا فَإِنِّي أَخَافُ عَلَيْكُمْ عَذَابَ يَوْمٍ كَبِيرٍ

Alif Lam Meem. This is a Book whose verses are perfected and then explained in detail from One Who is All-Wise and Well-Acquainted. * Saying “worship none but Allah.” I am certainly a warner from Him to you and a bringer of glad tidings. * And, “Seek the forgiveness of your Lord and then turn to Him in repentance. He will grant you good enjoyment until an appointed time and give His abounding Grace to every owner of grace. But if you turn away, then I fear the torment of a Great Day for you. [11:1-3]

While commenting on the third ayah, the great mufassir Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari summed up the passage by writing:

قال أبو جعفر : يقول ، تعالى ذكره : ثم فصلت آياته ، بأن لا تعبدوا إلا الله ، وبأن استغفروا ربكم . ويعني بقوله : ( وأن استغفروا ربكم ) ، وأن اعملوا أيها الناس من الأعمال ما يرضي ربكم عنكم ، فيستر عليكم عظيم ذنوبكم التي ركبتموها بعبادتكم الأوثان والأصنام ، وإشراككم الآلهة والأنداد في عبادته . ـ

I, Abu Ja’far, say: Allah is saying: Then His ayaat were explained in detail – that you should not worship anyone or anything besides Allah and that you should seek your Lord’s forgiveness. And the meaning of His statement:

وَأَنِ اسْتَغْفِرُوا رَبَّكُمْ

And “seek the forgiveness of your Lord …”

is that you – O mankind – should perform those actions which are pleasing to Allah. As a result, He will pass over the grave sins that you committed in worshiping idols and statues and associating other gods and partners with Him in worship. Continue reading

Protect Yourselves and Your Family from a Fire: Tafsir al-Tabari

Allah says in surah al-Tahreem:

يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا قُوا أَنفُسَكُمْ وَأَهْلِيكُمْ نَارًا وَقُودُهَا النَّاسُ وَالْحِجَارَةُ عَلَيْهَا مَلَائِكَةٌ غِلَاظٌ شِدَادٌ لَّا يَعْصُونَ اللَّـهَ مَا أَمَرَهُمْ وَيَفْعَلُونَ مَا يُؤْمَرُونَ

O you who have believed, protect yourselves and your families from a Fire whose fuel is people and stones, over which are angels, harsh and severe; they do not disobey Allah in what He commands them but do what they are commanded. [66:6]

Commenting on this ayah, Imam Muhammad Ibn Jarir al-Tabari wrote:

يقول تعالى ذكره : يا أيها الذين صدقوا الله ورسوله ( قوا أنفسكم ) يقول : علموا بعضكم بعضا ما تقون به من تعلمونه النار ، وتدفعونها عنه إذا عمل به من طاعة الله ، واعملوا بطاعة الله . وقوله : ( وأهليكم نارا ) يقول : وعلموا أهليكم من العمل بطاعة الله ما يقون به أنفسهم من النار . ـ

Allah is saying: O you who have believed in Allah and His Messenger

قُوا أَنفُسَكُمْ

… protect yourselves …

He is saying: teach one another what will protect whoever knows it and from the Hellfire, teach those acts of obedience to Allah which will push the fire away from whoever does them, and perform those acts of obedience to Allah.

And His statement:

وَأَهْلِيكُمْ نَارًا

… and your families from a fire …

He is saying: And teach your family members those acts of obedience to Allah which will protect them from the Hellfire.

وبنحو الذي قلنا في ذلك قال أهل التأويل . ذكر من قال ذلك : ـ

The scholars of tafsir have given similar explanations about this. Among them are:

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The Parable of Surah al-Hashr: Tafsir al-Sa’di & Others

Allah says in surah al-Hashr:

كَمَثَلِ الَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِهِمْ قَرِيبًا ۖ ذَاقُوا وَبَالَ أَمْرِهِمْ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ * كَمَثَلِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِذْ قَالَ لِلْإِنسَانِ اكْفُرْ فَلَمَّا كَفَرَ قَالَ إِنِّي بَرِيءٌ مِّنكَ إِنِّي أَخَافُ اللَّهَ رَبَّ الْعَالَمِينَ

Their situation is like that of those shortly before them. They tasted the bad outcome of their affair and they will have a painful punishment. * They are like the shaytaan when he tells man, “disbelieve,” but then when he disbelieves, he says, “I am certainly free of you! I fear Allah, Lord of all creation.” [59:15-16]

Imam ibn Jarir al-Tabari opened his tafsir of the first of these ayaat by saying:

يقول تعالى ذكره: مثل هؤلاء اليهود من بني النضير والمنافقين فيما الله صانع بهم من إحلال عقوبته بهم ( كَمَثَلِ الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ ) . ـ

Here, Allah is saying: The situation of these Jews of Banu al-Nadhir and the munafiqoon and the punishment that Allah made and unleashed on them “is like that of those before them.”

[Tafsir al-Tabari 23/294]

Imam Abu Muhammad al-Baghawi wrote:

يعني : مثل هؤلاء اليهود كمثل الذين من قبلهم ( قريبا ) يعني مشركي مكة ( ذاقوا وبال أمرهم ) يعني القتل ببدر وكان ذلك قبل غزوة بني النضير قاله مجاهد . وقال ابن عباس : كمثل الذين من قبلهم يعني بني قينقاع . ـ

I.e. The situation of these Jews is like those shortly before them, referring to the mushrikoon of Mecca

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Addressing Reports of Alleged Scribal Errors in the ‘Uthmani Mushaf: al-Suyooti

After an extended discussion of claims that ‘Uthman had allowed grammatical mistakes to be kept in the ‘Uthmani Mushaf, Jalal al-Deen al-Suyooti proceeded with the following discussion of reports which could be interpreted to indicate scribal errors in the ‘Uthmani Mushaf and an explanation of those reports:

تذنيب : يقرب مما تقدم عن عائشة ما أخرجه الإمام أحمد في مسنده ، وابن أشتة في المصاحف ، من طريق إسماعيل المكي ، عن أبي خلف مولى بني جمح : أنه دخل مع عبيد بن عمير على عائشة ، فقال : جئت أسألك عن آية في كتاب الله تعالى ، كيف كان رسول الله – صلى الله عليه وسلم – يقرؤها ؟ قالت : أية آية ؟ قال : والذين يؤتون ما آتوا [ المؤمنون : 60 ] أو ( والذين يأتون ما أتوا ) . فقالت : أيتهما أحب إليك ؟ قلت : والذي نفسي بيده لأحدهما أحب إلي من الدنيا جميعا . قالت : أيهما ؟ قلت : ( والذين يأتون ما أتوا ) فقالت : أشهد أن رسول الله – صلى الله عليه وسلم – كذلك كان يقرؤها ، وكذلك أنزلت ، ولكن الهجاء حرف . ـ

A follow-up: Something similar to the report of ‘A’ishah that was mentioned above is another report that Imam Ahmad included in his Musnad and ibn Ashtah included in his book al-Masahif by way of Ismaa’eel al-Makki, via Abu Khalf the mawla of Banu Jamh, that he and ‘Ubayd ibn ‘Umar visited ‘A’ishah and

‘Ubayd said, “I have come to ask you about an ayah in the Qur’an, about how Allah’s Messenger used to recite it?”

She said, “Which ayah is that?”

He said: “Is it

وَالَّذِينَ يُؤْتُونَ مَا آتَوا وَّقُلُوبُهُمْ وَجِلَةٌ أَنَّهُمْ إِلَىٰ رَبِّهِمْ رَاجِعُونَ

And they who give what they give while their hearts are fearful because they will be returning to their Lord [23:60]

or

وَالَّذِينَ يَأْتُونَ مَا أَتَوْا وَّقُلُوبُهُمْ وَجِلَةٌ أَنَّهُمْ إِلَىٰ رَبِّهِمْ رَاجِعُونَ

And they who do what they do while their hearts are fearful because they will be returning to their Lord [compare to 23:60]

She said, “Which of the two do you prefer?”

I said, “I swear by the One who holds my soul in His Hand, one of these is more beloved to me than this entire world!”

She said, “Which one?”

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“Every soul will be detained for what it has earned”: Imam al-Sa’di

In his short work of assorted benefits from the Qur’an, sheikh ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Naasir al-Sa’di mentioned:

قوله معالى: [ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ بِمَا كَسَبَتْ رَهِينَةٌ * إِلَّا أَصْحَابَ الْيَمِينِ ] (المدثر: ٣٨ ، ٣٩) أى كل نفس مرتهنة محبوسة وموثقة بكسبها السيء وحبسها في العذاب السيء. وذلك لأن الجزاء من جنس العمل ، فكما حبس المجرمون ما لديهم لله ولخلقه من الحقوق اللازمة فلم يؤدوا الصلاة التي هى أكبر العبادات المتضمنة لاخلاص للمعبود ، ولا أطعموا المساكين من الحق الذي أوجبه الله لهم فى أموالهم، ولا حبسوا نفوسهم على ما شرع، وقيدوها بقيود الدين، بل أطلقوها فيما شاءوا من المرادات الفاسدة ء فخاضوا بالباطل مع الخائضن ، ولا صدقوا ربهم ورسله مع تواتر الآيات ، بل كانوا مكذبون بيوم الدين ، فلذلك حبسوا فى هذا المحبس الفظيع، وأدخلوا فى سقر . ـ

Allah’s statement:

كُلُّ نَفْسٍ بِمَا كَسَبَتْ رَهِينَةٌ * إِلَّا أَصْحَابَ الْيَمِينِ

Every soul will be detained for what it has earned, * Except the Companions of the Right [74:38-39]

meaning: every soul is held in custody and securely imprisoned because of the evil that it earned, and its holding cell is one of awful punishment. That is because the deeds are recompensed in kind. For just as criminals are imprisoned, Allah and His creations have rights which are due to them.

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Allah Presents a Parable of a City: Tafsir al-Tabari

Allah struck the following parable in surah al-Nahl:

وَضَرَبَ اللَّهُ مَثَلًا قَرْيَةً كَانَتْ آمِنَةً مُّطْمَئِنَّةً يَأْتِيهَا رِزْقُهَا رَغَدًا مِّن كُلِّ مَكَانٍ فَكَفَرَتْ بِأَنْعُمِ اللَّهِ فَأَذَاقَهَا اللَّهُ لِبَاسَ الْجُوعِ وَالْخَوْفِ بِمَا كَانُوا يَصْنَعُونَ

And Allah presents a parable: a city which was safe and secure, its provision coming to it in abundance from every location, but it denied the favors of Allah. So Allah made it taste the envelopment of hunger and fear for what they had been doing. [16:112]

In his explanation of this ayah, Imam Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari wrote:

يقول الله تعالى ذكره : ومثل الله مثلا لمكة التي سكنها أهل الشرك بالله هي القرية التي كانت آمنة مطمئنة ، وكان أمنها أن العرب كانت تتعادى ، ويقتل بعضها بعضا ، ويسبي بعضها بعضا ، وأهل مكة لا يغار عليهم ، ولا يحاربون في بلدهم ، فذلك كان أمنها . وقوله ( مطمئنة ) يعني قارة بأهلها ، لا يحتاج أهلها إلى النجع ، كما كان سكان البوادي يحتاجون إليها ( يأتيها رزقها رغدا ) يقول : يأتي أهلها معايشهم واسعة كثيرة . وقوله ( من كل مكان ) يعني : من كل فج من فجاج هذه القرية ، ومن كل ناحية فيها . ـ

Allah is saying: Allah has presented a parable of Mecca where the people who associate partners with Allah lived. Mecca was a city that was safe and secure. Its safety lay in the fact that the Arabs used to antagonize, fight, and insult one another, but they did not attack the people of Mecca or fight them in their homeland. As a result, the people of Mecca were safe. And the meaning of “secure” here is that its people were stable and not in search of a homeland, unlike the bedouins who were in need of a place to call home.

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“O Mankind, a Proof Has Come to You From Your Lord”: Tafsir al-Tabari

In the last part of surah al-Nisaa’, Allah says:

يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ قَدْ جَاءَكُم بُرْهَانٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ وَأَنزَلْنَا إِلَيْكُمْ نُورًا مُّبِينًا

O mankind, a proof has come to you from your Lord and We have sent down a clear light to you. [4:174]

Imam Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari began his tafsir of this ayah by summarizing the meaning as follows:

قال أبو جعفر : يعني جل ثناؤه بقوله : ” يا أيها الناس قد جاءكم برهان من ربكم ” ، يا أيها الناس من جميع أصناف الملل ، يهودها ونصاراها ومشركيها ، الذين قص الله جل ثناؤه قصصهم في هذه السورة” قد جاءكم برهان من ربكم ” ، يقول : قد جاءتكم حجة من الله تبرهن لكم بطول ما أنتم عليه مقيمون من أديانكم ومللكم ، وهو محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم ، الذي جعله الله عليكم حجة قطع بها [ ص: 428 ] عذركم ، وأبلغ إليكم في المعذرة بإرساله إليكم ، مع تعريفه إياكم صحة نبوته ، وتحقيق رسالته” وأنزلنا إليكم نورا مبينا ” ، يقول : وأنزلنا إليكم معه”نورا مبينا” ، يعني : يبين لكم المحجة الواضحة ، والسبل الهادية إلى ما فيه لكم النجاة من عذاب الله وأليم عقابه ، إن سلكتموها واستنرتم بضوئه . وذلك”النور المبين” ، هو القرآن الذي أنزله الله على محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم .ـ

I, Abu Ja’far, say: What Allah means by:

يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ قَدْ جَاءَكُم بُرْهَانٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ

O mankind, a proof has come to you from your Lord

is: O people of every different kind of religion – Jewish, Christian, polytheist – whose stories Allah has mentioned in this surah

قَدْ جَاءَكُم بُرْهَانٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ

… a proof has come to you from your Lord … Continue reading

Allah Promises You Forgiveness and Bounty: Tafsir al-Tabari & ibn Kathir

Allah says in surah al-Baqarah:

الشَّيْطَانُ يَعِدُكُمُ الْفَقْرَ وَيَأْمُرُكُم بِالْفَحْشَاءِ ۖ وَاللَّـهُ يَعِدُكُم مَّغْفِرَةً مِّنْهُ وَفَضْلًا ۗ وَاللَّـهُ وَاسِعٌ عَلِيمٌ

The Shaytaan promise you poverty and commands you to commit immorality, but Allah promises you forgiveness from Him and bounty. And Allah is Generous and All-Knowing [2:268]

The famous mufassir Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari opened his tafsir of this ayah by writing:

قال أبو جعفر: يعني بذلك تعالى ذكره: ” الشيطان يعدكم “، أيها الناس- بالصدقة وأدائكم الزكاة الواجبة عليكم في أموالكم (85) – أن تفتقروا=” ويأمركم بالفحشاء “، يعني: ويأمركم بمعاصي الله عز وجل، وترك طاعته= (86) ” والله يعدكم مغفرة منه “ (87) يعني أن الله عز وجل يعدكم أيها المؤمنون، أن يستر عليكم فحشاءكم، بصفحه لكم عن عقوبتكم عليها، فيغفر لكم ذنوبكم بالصدقة التي تتصدقون=” وفضلا “ يعني: ويعدكم أن يخلف عليكم من صدقتكم، فيتفضل عليكم من عطاياه ويسبغ عليكم في أرزاقكم.ـ

I, Abu Ja’far, say: What Allah means here is:

الشَّيْطَانُ يَعِدُكُمُ

the shaytaan promises you …

O mankind, that giving charity and paying the zakah that is required of your wealth will make you poor

وَيَأْمُرُكُم بِالْفَحْشَاءِ

… and commands you to commit immorality

i.e. he commands you to disobey Allah and to stop obeying Him. Continue reading

“… And Seek What Allah Has Decreed For You”: Tafsir al-Tabari

In part of the ayaat of fasting in surah al-Baqarah, Allah permits the believers to engage in sexual relations with their spouses during nights of fasting days by saying:

أُحِلَّ لَكُمْ لَيْلَةَ الصِّيَامِ الرَّفَثُ إِلَىٰ نِسَائِكُمْ ۚ هُنَّ لِبَاسٌ لَّكُمْ وَأَنتُمْ لِبَاسٌ لَّهُنَّ ۗ عَلِمَ اللَّـهُ أَنَّكُمْ كُنتُمْ تَخْتَانُونَ أَنفُسَكُمْ فَتَابَ عَلَيْكُمْ وَعَفَا عَنكُمْ ۖ فَالْآنَ بَاشِرُوهُنَّ وَابْتَغُوا مَا كَتَبَ اللَّـهُ لَكُمْ

It has been made permissible for you to go to your wives on the nights of fasting. They are clothing for you and you are clothing for them. Allah knows that you used to deceive yourselves, so He accepted your repentance and forgave you. So now, have relations with them and seek that which Allah has decreed for you. [2:187]

The phrase “and seek what Allah has decreed for you” has been interpreted in multiple ways by the salaf. Ibn al-Jawzi summarized the different explanations in his book of tafsir by writing:

وابتغوا ما كتب الله لكم فيه أربعة أقوال . أحدها: أنه الولد ، قاله ابن عباس ، والحسن ، ومجاهد في آخرين . قال بعض أهل العلم: لما كانت المباشرة قد تقع على ما دون الجماع ، أباحهم الجماع الذي يكون من مثله الولد ، فقال: وابتغوا ما كتب الله لكم يريد: الولد . والثاني: أن الذي كتب لهم الرخصة ، وهو قول قتادة ، وابن زيد . والثالث: أنه ليلة القدر . رواه أبو الجوزاء عن ابن عباس . والرابع: أنه القرآن ، فمعنى الكلام: اتبعوا القرآن ، فما أبيح لكم وأمرتم به فهو المبتغى ، وهذا اختيار الزجاج . ـ

وَابْتَغُوا مَا كَتَبَ اللَّـهُ لَكُمْ

… and seek what Allah has decreed for you.

There are four opinions regarding this phrase:

1) That it refers to offspring. This was the opinion of ibn ‘Abbaas, al-Hasan al-Basri, and the position that Mujahid settled on.

Some of the scholars have said: This is stated because “relations” could involve things that do not reach the level of full sexual intercourse, so Allah permitted them to engage in the sexual relations which result in offspring by saying, “seek what Allah decreed for you”, meaning “children”. Continue reading