Allah’s Words Cannot Be Exhausted: Tafsir al-Baghawi

Allah says in surah Luqman:

وَلَوْ أَنَّمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ مِن شَجَرَةٍ أَقْلَامٌ وَالْبَحْرُ يَمُدُّهُ مِن بَعْدِهِ سَبْعَةُ أَبْحُرٍ مَّا نَفِدَتْ كَلِمَاتُ اللَّهِ ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ

And if whatever trees were on the earth were pens and the seas were resupplied by seven more seas, Allah’s Words would not be exhausted. Allah is certainly Almighty, All-Wise. [31:27]

In his tafsir of this ayah, Imam Abu Muhammad al-Baghawi wrote:

ـ ( ولو أنما في الأرض من شجرة أقلام ) الآية . قال المفسرون : نزلت بمكة ، قوله سبحانه وتعالى : ” ويسئلونك عن الروح ” ، إلى قوله : ” وما أوتيتم من العلم إلا قليلا ” ( الإسراء – 85 ) ، فلما هاجر رسول الله – صلى الله عليه وسلم – إلى المدينة أتاه أحبار اليهود فقالوا : يا محمد ، بلغنا عنك أنك تقول : ” وما أوتيتم من العلم إلا قليلا ” أفعنيتنا أم قومك ؟ فقال عليه الصلاة والسلام : كلا قد عنيت ، قالوا : ألست تتلوا فيما جاءك أنا أوتينا التوراة وفيها علم كل شيء ؟ فقال رسول الله – صلى الله عليه وسلم – : ” هي في علم الله قليل وقد آتاكم الله ما إن عملتم به انتفعتم ” ، قالوا : يا محمد كيف تزعم هذا وأنت تقول : ” ومن يؤت الحكمة فقد أوتي خيرا كثيرا ” ( البقرة – 269 ) ، فكيف يجتمع هذا علم قليل وخير كثير ؟ فأنزل الله هذه الآية . ـ

The scholars of tafsir have said: Allah’s statement:

وَيَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الرُّوحِ ۖ قُلِ الرُّوحُ مِنْ أَمْرِ رَبِّي وَمَا أُوتِيتُم مِّنَ الْعِلْمِ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا

And they ask you about the spirit. Say, “The spirit is part of Allah’s business, and mankind has only been given a little bit of knowledge.” [17:85]

was revealed prior to the hijrah. Then when the Prophet made hijrah to al-Madinah, the Jewish rabbis came to him and said, “O Muhammad, we have been told that you said:

وَمَا أُوتِيتُم مِّنَ الْعِلْمِ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا

And mankind has only been given a little bit of knowledge.

Continue reading

The Advice of Luqman in Brief: Tafsir al-Sa’di

After completing his ayah-by-ayah explanation of the story of Luqman in surah Luqman [31:12-19], sheikh ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sa’di then provided the following summary of its main themes and messages:

وهذه الوصايا، التي وصى بها لقمان لابنه، تجمع أمهات الحكم، وتستلزم ما لم يذكر منها، وكل وصية يقرن بها ما يدعو إلى فعلها، إن كانت أمرا، وإلى تركها إن كانت نهيا. ـ

These injunctions which Luqman gave to his son combine all of the essential wisdom and whatever they did not explicitly mention is necessitated by them. And every injunction is paired with something that encourages the listener to carry it out if it is a command, or to leave it if it is a prohibition.

وهذا يدل على ما ذكرنا في تفسير الحكمة، أنها العلم بالأحكام، وحكمها ومناسباتها، فأمره بأصل الدين، وهو التوحيد، ونهاه عن الشرك، وبين له الموجب لتركه، وأمره ببر الوالدين، وبين له السبب الموجب لبرهما، وأمره بشكره وشكرهما، ثم احترز بأن محل برهما وامتثال أوامرهما، ما لم يأمرا بمعصية، ومع ذلك فلا يعقهما، بل يحسن إليهما، وإن كان لا يطيعهما إذا جاهداه على الشرك. وأمره بمراقبة الله، وخوفه القدوم عليه، وأنه لا يغادر صغيرة ولا كبيرة من الخير والشر، إلا أتى بها. ـ

And this supports what we have mentioned previously about the meaning of the word hikmah, that it refers to knowledge of the rulings and the wisdom behind them and how to appropriately apply them. Continue reading

Responding to Doubts About the Prohibition of Music: Sheikh Muhammad Bazmool

One of the most commonly-cited evidences for the prohibition of music is the ayah from surah Luqman

وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَن يَشْتَرِي لَهْوَ الْحَدِيثِ لِيُضِلَّ عَن سَبِيلِ اللَّـهِ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ وَيَتَّخِذَهَا هُزُوًا ۚ أُولَـٰئِكَ لَهُمْ عَذَابٌ مُّهِينٌ

And among the people are those who purchase idle talk to mislead others from the path of Allah without knowledge and who take it as a mockery. For these ones, there is a humiliating punishment. [31:6]

and the “idle talk” in this ayah was explained to refer to music, as was explained by ibn Mas’ood, ibn ‘Abbaas and others. Another commonly-cited evidence is the hadeeth of the Prophet

لَيَكُونَنَّ مِنْ أُمَّتِي أَقْوَامٌ يَسْتَحِلُّونَ الْحِرَ وَالْحَرِيرَ وَالْخَمْرَ وَالْمَعَازِفَ

There will be some people from my nation who will consider illicit sexual intercourse, silk, alcohol and musical instruments to be permissible.

which is reported in Saheeh al-Bukhari (#5590). We have previously translated an explanation of this ayah from surah Luqman which brings several more pieces of evidence for the prohibition of music. We would recommend reading that article before proceeding, as it serves as a foundation for this topic.

After understanding the evidences for the prohibition of music, it bears mentioning that there are some who cast doubt on the validity of these primary pieces of evidence listed above. While these doubts may appear to be academic, they are ultimately without a sound foundation, as Sheikh Muhammad Bazmool explains below:

قال : هذا التفسير اجتهاد من ابن مسعود رضي الله عنه. وحديث المعازف مختلف فيه . ـ

Some say: This explanation of ibn Mas’ood is simply his personal scholarly opinion, and there is some differing as to the hadith of musical instruments.

قلت : لاحظ ان تفسير ابن مسعود رضي الله عنه للآية ليس فيه ما يخالف لفظها بل هو يقرر معناها فهو يقول : من لهو الحديث في الآية الغناء لانه يحصل به اضلال للناس في باب الشهوات. فاللام ليست للتعليل بل للعاقبة، كاللام في قوله تعالى: ({فَالْتَقَطَهُ آلُ فِرْعَوْنَ لِيَكُونَ لَهُمْ عَدُوّاً وَحَزَناً إِنَّ فِرْعَوْنَ وَهَامَانَ وَجُنُودَهُمَا كَانُوا خَاطِئِينَ }) (القصص:8). ـ

I say: It must be noted that ibn Mas’ood’s explanation of this ayah does not contain anything that is at odds with the ayah itself. Rather, his explanation affirms the ayah‘s meaning, as he is saying that one example of the “idle talk” mentioned in this ayah is music because it leads to the misguidance of people by way of lowly desires. So the preposition laam in the ayah is not meant to imply causation but rather consequence, like the laam in Allah’s statement: Continue reading

Allah has subjected everything in the creation to mankind: Tafsir al-Shawkaani

Allah says in the middle of surah Luqman:

أَلَمْ تَرَوْا أَنَّ اللَّـهَ سَخَّرَ لَكُم مَّا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَأَسْبَغَ عَلَيْكُمْ نِعَمَهُ ظَاهِرَةً وَبَاطِنَةً

Don’t you see that Allah has subjected whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth to you and has amply bestowed His favors both apparent and hidden, upon you? … [31:20]

In part of his explanation of this ayah, sheikh Muhammad al-Shawkaani wrote:

 لما فرغ – سبحانه – من قصة لقمان رجع إلى توبيخ المشركين وتبكيتهم وإقامة الحجج عليهم فقال : ألم تروا أن الله سخر لكم ما في السماوات وما في الأرض قال الزجاج : معنى تسخيرها للآدميين الانتفاع بها . انتهى ، فمن مخلوقات السماوات المسخرة لبني آدم أي : التي ينتفعون بها الشمس والقمر والنجوم ونحو ذلك . ـ

After completing the story of Luqman, Allah returned back reprimanding and criticizing the mushrikoon and establishing proofs against them. So He said:

أَلَمْ تَرَوْا أَنَّ اللَّـهَ سَخَّرَ لَكُم مَّا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ

Don’t you see that Allah has subjected whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth to you?

al-Zujaaj said, “The meaning of ‘subjecting them to mankind’ is that they can benefit from them.”

Included in the created things of the heavens which have been subjected to mankind are all the things which they take benefit from, such as the Sun, the Moon, the stars, and so on. Continue reading

The Prohibition of Music in the Qur’an: Tafsir al-Qurtubi

Near the beginning of surah Luqman, Allah says what can be literally translated as:

وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَن يَشْتَرِي لَهْوَ الْحَدِيثِ لِيُضِلَّ عَن سَبِيلِ اللَّـهِ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ وَيَتَّخِذَهَا هُزُوًا ۚ أُولَـٰئِكَ لَهُمْ عَذَابٌ مُّهِينٌ

And among the people are those who purchase idle talk in order to mislead others from the path of Allah without knowledge and who take it as a mockery. For these ones, there is a humiliating punishment [31:6]

In part of his commentary on this ayah, the great mufassir imam Muhammad al-Qurtubi explained this ayah according to the understanding of the salaf by writing:

و ( لهو الحديث ) : الغناء ; في قول ابن مسعود وابن عباس وغيرهما . النحاس : وهو ممنوع بالكتاب والسنة ; والتقدير : من يشتري ذا لهو أو ذات لهو ; مثل : واسأل القرية . أو يكون التقدير : لما كان إنما اشتراها يشتريها ويبالغ في ثمنها كأنه اشتراها للهو . ـ

The phrase:

لَهْوَ الْحَدِيثِ

“idle talk”

means music. This is according to the statements of ibn Mas’ood, ibn ‘Abbaas, and others.

al-Nahhaas said: Music is prohibited according to the Qur’an and the Sunnah.

قلت : هذه إحدى الآيات الثلاث التي استدل بها العلماء على كراهة الغناء والمنع منه . والآية الثانية قوله تعالى : وأنتم سامدون . قال ابن عباس : هو الغناء بالحميرية ; اسمدي لنا ; أي غني لنا . ـ

I [Imam al-Qurtubi] say: This is one of three ayaat in the Qur’an which the scholars use as evidence for the position that music is something hated and prohibited. The second ayah is Allah’s statement: Continue reading